Custom metrics are accessed similarly to custom dimensions, but are only available on a hit level. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal Analytics. Improving the report. Calculated dimensions & metrics. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. Take advantage of custom metrics and dimensions in GA4 to capture specific data points. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal. Google recommends that you pass values to the ‘Order Coupon’ dimension by sending the event-level ‘coupon’ parameter with an online-sales event. In the "Custom Definitions", you will see a tab for "Calculated Metrics". You should now be able to see the ‘GA Magic Reports’ add-on:When a user visits the page, it tracks the user journey with basic GA4 metrics (page view, bounce rate, user type, etc), whereas measurement protocol lets developers create HTTP post data requests and send this information to Google Analytics 4 servers. You can create up to 5 calculated metrics per standard property and 50 calculated metrics per 360 property. You can also customize a report and create an exploration to include engagement metrics. In Metric name, enter a unique name for the new metric. , audiences, explorations) that use the custom dimension or metric. Custom dimensions and metrics can be associated with individual events or users. #8 GA4 Ecommerce. GA4 eCommerce has lots of built-in dimensions and metrics, but these alone won’t meet your needs. How to Create Calculated Metrics in GA4? Step 1: Login and Navigate to the “Admin” Section. Event-scope means the value of. Content grouping. Review the list of entities in Analytics (e. When used correctly, these custom definitions can be one of the most useful custom features in Google Analytics. In other words, the value of a custom metric is calculated and sent for each hit. This means that you can create custom metrics that are tailored to your business goals. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Custom Metrics Tutorial; What are Predictive Metrics in Google Analytics 4 (GA4) GA4 Ecommerce Conversion Rate – How to find and use it. A/B testing experiment last updated timestamp in msec. Step-1: Login to your GA4 property and then click on the ‘ Explore ’ link: Step-2: Click on the ‘ Blank ’ exploration report template: Step-3: Name your report ‘ [View Full Page URLs] ’: Step-4: Set the date range to the last 30 days: Step-5: Click on the + button next to ‘ DIMENSIONS ‘:Using conversions in reports. To change the default timeout of 30 minutes for web sessions: In Google Analytics, click Admin. You can then register strings as custom dimensions and values as custom metrics. In the row for the custom dimension or metric, click > Archive. However, I get 19 minutes with BigQuery while GA4 shows an average engagement time of 30 minutes. Select the Sessions metric and the Event Name dimension. If you are tracking both web and app data in your GA4 property, be sure to take the additional app traffic into consideration when comparing pageview metrics between the two. Google Analytics uses this information to populate engagement metrics like User engagement and Average engagement time. New Metrics: A/B testing ad revenue from variance_square computation. Manage accounts, properties, and users. As I’ve tried to sort out the most used dimensions and metrics already, I hope I can be of help with the following example queries. Enter a new group name and optionally a new description. There are two types of audiences by default: ‘All Users’ and ‘Purchasers’. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal. Custom Events. You can add up to 12 metrics to your Engagement Report. OR. To find the list of all the enhanced measurement events recorded in your GA4 reporting view, follow the steps below: Step-1: Navigate to your GA4 reporting view and click on ‘Reports’. js JavaScript library. Enter your metric variables. Analytics has a number of standard and calculated monetization metrics that are considered currency values, including: The global currency type of a property (GA4) or reporting view (UA) determines the currency in which all of these values are displayed in reports. Here’s the setup process at a high level: Navigate to the GA4 Explore tab. A calculated metric is a data point that is generated by a calculation. Custom metrics are user-defined metrics. Adding Custom Dimensions and Metrics. You need to navigate to ‘Configure’ and then ‘Custom Definitions’ to register a dimension or metric. This will appear in the Metric selector. Use calculated metrics in GA4 (Google Analytics 4) to create your own metrics based on other existing metrics from your reports. You will get a screen like below with the list of your audiences. With the help of unnest and parse for dates or timestamps we can do the trick. I will use a test property here (no custom dimensions implemented yet). Select the GA4 data source by clicking on the edit button. [GA4] Custom channel groups; 16 of 20 [GA4] Create content groups; 17 of 20 [GA4] Differences in user counts; 18 of 20 [GA4] Cookie usage on websites;Difference Between GA4 Explorations & Universal Analytics’ Custom Reports. Get the template free. Click Create new channel group to start with a copy of the default group. However, something changed between the production environment and the live site just before launch, so this happened:A lot of Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics can be derived straight from the tables without performing calculations on the data. Give it a descriptive name and select your formatting type. Learn to track People Also Ask in GA4 (Google Analytics 4) through this step by step guide. . Migrate from Universal Analytics. In our case, we will select ‘Sample Website’ with the domain ‘example. See entrances and exits. Effect: Differences in how session metrics are calculated can lead to different session counts between UA & GA4. Click on ‘ Data Streams ’. Calculated. In the Custom metrics tab, click Create custom metrics. Over 15 years of experience in digital analytics and marketing. Now we can divide our Add to Cart events by our Product Click events. Make sure you are viewing a detail report. This takes some. By default, the global currency type of a property or reporting view is USD. Consultant to countless small and big businesses over the decade. In this case, the design services are taxable because the fundamental. Follow the steps below: #1 Open a new Google sheet and then navigate to Extensions > Add-on > Get add-ons. Follow the below steps to create a segment overlap report in GA4. [GA4] Custom channel groups; 16 of 20 [GA4] Create content groups; 17 of 20 [GA4] Differences in user counts; 18 of 20 [GA4] Cookie usage on websites;Looker Studio is a powerful tool for visualizing fully custom dashboards and reports in which we can connect GA4 directly to show analytics data on different fitting charts. With the help of unnest and parse for dates or timestamps we can do the trick. A lot of Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics can be derived straight from the tables without. Enter a new group name and optionally a new description. Google Analytics 4 Calculated Metrics with Examples. Select a web data stream. Adjust web session timeout. Migrate from Universal Analytics. Add a dimension of ‘ event name ’. Once you reach the Google Analytics homepage, click the gear icon in the lower left corner. Some standard reports, such as the Pages and screens and Events reports, include engagement metrics by default. Step 1: click on ‘Custom definitions’ under the GA4 property. 💡. Enter a new group name and optionally a new description. Founder, OptimizeSmart. However, when. From there you select either custom dimensions or custom metrics. We report a case study using drone-based imagery to develop a pre-disaster 3-D map of downtown Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. If you're migrating from Universal Analytics and want to understand how the calculation for bounce rate is different in Google Analytics 4, see [UA→GA4] Comparing metrics: Google Analytics 4 vs Universal Analytics. In Event property, enter the name of the event parameter. Average engagement time is available in Explorations, Customization, and Custom Insight. The GA4 engagement rate is calculated in the following way: Engaged sessions divided by Sessions. In Admin, under Data display, click Custom definitions. Google Analytics 4 did not even have bounce rate when it first launched, but the metric was. Depending on whether you are using the free or 360 version of Google Analytics you get 20 or 200 custom dimensions and metrics to work with. #3 Data thresholding is not the same as data cardinality (which results in the (other) row. Follow the steps below to edit a custom dimension: Step-1: Navigate to your GA4 property view and then click on the ‘Configure’ link: Step-2: Click on ‘Custom Definitions’. Google Analytics 4 Calculated Metrics with Examples. Our aim is to make the world of GA4 accessible and empowering for every marketing leader. Name – Provide a descriptive name (i. You’ll have to calculate them, using your own queries. Quickly understand the state of your web performance with the GA4 Overview Dashboard with a high level overview of your traffic, behavior, audience, and acquisition metrics. Click Create new channel group to start with a copy of the default group. Select the right dimension or metric and click on the three dots on the right side. The concept of custom dimensions in Google Analytics 4 is similar to the equivalent in Universal Analytics, but with broader capabilities. You can see the values of the ‘utm_source’ parameter in GA4 through the following dimensions: Source;. Next, let’s compose a new query in BigQuery. Step-2: Click on the ‘ Explore ‘ link in your GA4 property: Step-3: Click on the ‘ Blank ‘ exploration template to create a new exploration report from scratch: Get this 70 page detailed checklist containing screenshots, step-by-step instructions and links. This GA4 property provides crucial insights through calculated metrics like Average revenue per active user and Average engagement time. g. The Automotive Standards Council (ASC) is leading the charge in creating better compatibility standards for GA4 across the automotive industry. Abstract. Overview. Learn how to create calculated metrics with Google Analytics 4 (GA4). However, when I go to the Custom definitions page, I can't see the Calculated metrics option, as illustrated below: Why can't I see the Calculated. Custom parameters and metrics in GA4 allow you to learn more about the tracked object and better describe it. A/B testing user engagement from variance_square. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. To create custom reports, navigate to the “Analysis” section in GA4. In Admin, under Data display, click Custom definitions. Step-2: Now on the left-hand side navigation menu, click on ‘Explore’. In GA4, all standard reports unsampled. GA4 Explorations help to uncover deeper insights in your data. Migrate from Universal Analytics. You can also customize a report and create an exploration to include engagement metrics. A new "calculated metrics" feature will allow custom combinations of metrics. A/B testing revenue from variance_square computation. 3- Once inside, click on My data sources in the navigation. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. Engagement Rate: This percentage metric is calculated by dividing the number of engaged sessions by the total number of sessions and multiplying it by 100. 1. Google Ads and attribution. OR. When paired with a metric like Event. Processing – collected values are used to populate the final report dimensions according to a. In GA4, custom dimensions and metrics are created from your event parameters, so to set a custom dimension or metric, you simply provide it with a name, and identify the parameter that should populate it. When you compare your average session duration metrics in GA3 to GA4, GA4 will likely have the higher. To change the default timeout of 30 minutes for web sessions: In Google Analytics, click Admin. The following video (and the continuation of the blog below) describes this second approach. js JavaScript library. Let us suppose a source property is connected to your Google Search Console and Google Ads accounts. The number of new unique users who logged the first_open or first_visit event in the specified date range. Step-3: Click on the name of the data stream for which you want to exclude internal traffic: Step-4: Scroll down your screen and then. You can see what is available by calling the ga_meta("data") function. To change the Date Range for the Metric, click the Date Range drop-down and select the Date Range that you'd like to view the Metric data for. Step 1: Navigate to your Google Analytics 4 property and click on the ‘Configure’ link. UA to GA4 Migration is a challenging task if you don’t have experience with data migrations. Pageviews are calculated differently. Step-3: Click on ‘Template Gallery’. First, log into Google Analytics and click the Explore tab in the left sidebar menu. Google announced its additional feature for creating custom metrics called the ‘Calculated Metrics’. Customize audience segments, define custom goals to track, and share these reports with folks who do not have access to the GA console. The ‘Items revenue’ metric counts the total revenue generated from selling a particular item. Apply your changes after you set up this filter: 7. Learn how to send custom metrics to Google Analytics 4 and how to later find that data in reports. Runs one of the most popular blogs in the world on digital analytics. Standard GA4 reports include the “Reports Snapshot” (a quick glance of performance without deep. You can try to modify here and wait for one or. In the row for an existing group, click > Copy to create new. Average Engagement Time. Other dimensions & metrics you are used to in your Google Analytics analysing and reporting are a bit harder to access. Filters. Step 1: brainstorm your calculated metric. You can also customize a report and create an exploration to include engagement metrics. Step 5: A configuration panel will open like below. Learn more. A lot of Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics can be derived straight from the tables without performing calculations on the data. 5. To change the default timeout of 30 minutes for web sessions: In Google Analytics, click Admin. This step is required in order to get the Google Ads data in your GA4 property. Go to GA4 property. In Google Analytics Universal, you can capture custom metrics directly, meaning that you send numeric data with an event or pageview hit explicitly as a custom metric. Where you can see session metrics. To do this in Looker Studio with a GA4 data source you would do the following. You can access the Events report in Google Analytics 4 by following the steps below: Step-1: Navigate to your GA4 property and click on ‘Reports’. You have the option to create custom channel groups, which let you create your own rule-based categories of web-traffic sources. In the Property column, click Data Streams. The process by which campaign and traffic-source data is sent to Analytics and populated in reports has the following steps: Collection – values are sent to Analytics in. Different navigation with fewer out-of-the-box reports in GA4. Name the metric, choose a parameter and unit of measurement. OR. In Event property, enter the name of the event parameter. g. #3 You can see the search console dimensions and metrics. #2 Matomo has no data storage and collection limit (provided you are hosting Matomo instance on your own web server or hard disk). The total revenue does not include tax and shipping charges. Step-1: Navigate to your Google Analytics 4 property. You can add up to 12 metrics to a detail. Create more custom dimensions and metrics by archiving ones you don't useIf you reach the limit on the number of custom dimensions or metrics you can create, you can free up space to create more custoCreating a sample segment overlap report. You can export the report to csv and calculate it. e. GA4 also added new engagement metrics, and sessions are calculated differently. The total revenue does not include tax and shipping charges. ). The repeated views of a single screen or page are counted in the ‘views’ metric of GA4. e. GA4 Custom Dimension (not set) Custom dimensions in GA4 are not retroactive. Step-2: Now click on ‘Audiences’. Click on the three dots icon next to the custom dimension, and then select “ Edit ”. These metrics allow you to see data about the number of sessions that have started on your site or app. This is a quick and easy way to review and. Calculated fields come in a few basic forms, including: Arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. To do that, click on the ‘ All Touchpoints ’ button on the overlay on the right-hand side of your screen: Click on the ‘All Touchpoints’ drop-down menu: Select an operator to filter the path lengths of the conversion paths. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Custom Metrics Tutorial; What are Predictive Metrics in Google Analytics 4 (GA4) GA4 Ecommerce Conversion Rate – How to find and use it. Customer Lifetime Value. Step 1: Navigate to your Google Analytics 4 property and click on the ‘Configure’ menu. , the old and new quantities). Analytics has a number of standard and calculated monetization metrics that are considered currency values, including: The global currency type of a property (GA4) or reporting view (UA) determines the currency in which all of these values are displayed in reports. You can't reference a calculated metric in the formula for. You can add or remove the metrics that appear in the table header of a detail report. Shopping Cart Abandonment. Other dimensions and metrics that you might need are a bit harder to access. The middle part of the Monetization Overview report shows ‘total purchasers’, and ‘first time purchasers’ metrics. User acquired campaign ID. A Calculated metric differs from a ‘custom metric’ in how it is configured, collected and processed in Google Analytics 4. Name the field “User type” and set the formula to “New” on Table 1 and “Returning” on Table 2. Step 3: Add Engagement Metrics to the Report. In the Settings section, click Show all to see all. Step-3: Click on ‘ Data Streams ’ under the ‘ Property ’ column: Step-4: Click on the web data stream for which you want to set up form interaction tracking in GA4: Step-5: Make sure that the ‘ Enhanced Measurement ’ featured is enabled: Step-6: Click on the gear button under ‘Enhanced measurement’ to access the settings menu:GA4 SQL is a free and user-friendly tool that simplifies the querying process for Google Analytics 4 data in BigQuery. Then, select Free form from the template list to the right. The main difference between Universal Analytics and Google Analytics 4 is the removal of the Unique Pageviews metric. In Table 2, select Add metric > CREATE FIELD and name the field “Returning users” and set the formula to Total users – New users. Advertising Cost vs Revenue. In data analysis, sampling is the. g. Migrate from Universal Analytics. Click on “Calculated Metrics” and then “Create Calculated Metric”. Click the data stream for your website, then under Google tag, click Configure tag settings. First, you’ll need to go to the GA4 admin section and go to the custom definitions section. Comparing to fields available through the GA4 data API used by the native Data Studio connector, the following dimensions are missing for the moment, but will be added very soon: User traffic source dimensions. Step-2: Click on ‘ Engagement ‘: Step-3: Now click on ‘Events’. In Metric name, enter a unique name for the new metric. 6. Make sure you are in the correct account. It uses the value of AdSense ad unit dimension. Click on the Admin Section. You can also customize a report and create an exploration to include engagement metrics. #2 The data threshold is independent of the data sampling. Select Custom Metrics. Custom reporting in Google Analytics 4 (GA4) allows you to tailor data analysis to your. Since comparisons are temporally created segments there are a few limitations to it. In Google Analytics, click Admin. 3. You have the option to create custom channel groups, which let you create your own rule-based categories of web-traffic sources. You need the Editor role to use this feature. If the Session source dimension has a dimension value of "organic," for example, it means that these are users who landed on your website or app through an organic search (e. Select a web data stream. Select the GA4 data source by clicking on the edit button. GA4 Changes: ️ Added to GA4. In the row for an existing group, click > Copy to create new. It tells GA4 when and where to track the dimension or metric. eCommerce Revenue. . We normally suggest either not using GA4 for real analysis or downloading its data elsewhere and doing real analysis using. To set up the dashboard, follow these 3 simple steps: Step 1: Get the template. Click the green Apply button to confirm the Date Range selection. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Metrics Tutorial with Free Google Analytics 4 Ebook; GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Custom Metrics Tutorial; What are Predictive Metrics in Google Analytics 4 (GA4) GA4 Ecommerce Conversion Rate – How to find and use it. The instructions are to go to the Admin option in the left menu, then go to Custom definitions, and then finally select the Calculated metrics tab. How to Create Calculated Metrics in GA4? Step 1: Login and Navigate to the “Admin” Section. Step 2: Now click on ‘Audiences’. Note: The ‘Purchases’ metric is similar to the ‘Transactions’ metric of Universal Analytics. User campaign creative ID. Adjust web session timeout. You can define five calculated metrics per view (50 if you are on GA 360). Metrics and Dimensions. Get clear on the events you want to track. Much like UA, GA4 also imposes a limit of 5 calculated metrics per standard property. We’ll review how it all works in this Explorations guide. If you're migrating from Universal Analytics and want to understand how the calculation for bounce rate is different in Google Analytics 4, see [UA→GA4] Comparing metrics: Google Analytics 4 vs Universal Analytics. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Ecommerce Tracking via GTM –. For example, let's say you want to identify the pages that people are landing on and leaving from. GA4 Changes: ️ Added to GA4. You will get (not set) in explorer. Explorations are not available in Universal Analytics (UA), but it has custom reporting features. For example, if you had 300 engaged sessions, and 1,000 total, your engagement rate would be 30%. Newsletter Form Conversions. Next, add a new tab by clicking +. You should now be able to see the complete list. Follow the steps below to create a landing pages report in GA4 via the exploration report template: Step-1: Login to your GA4 account and then click on the ‘ Explore ‘ tab: Step-2: Click on the ‘Blank ‘ report template: Step-3: Rename your report to ‘ Landing Pages ‘:In UA, setting up a custom dimension or metric requires both UI and GTM implementation. Google Analytics 4 Calculated Metrics with Examples. In Universal Analytics, your bounce rate is your percentage of single page sessions. It is possible to utilize custom metrics to create calculated metrics. Edit existing channels, add new channels, or remove existing channels (see instructions below). Creating a calculated field is essentially the process of developing new metrics or dimensions from your existing data source. You can also customize a report and create an exploration to include engagement metrics. g. Average engagement time per session is a calculated metric in GA4 with a formatting type of TIME. Next, let’s compose a new query in BigQuery. Creating either a custom dimension or metric is a two step process. , audiences, explorations) that use the custom dimension or metric. 3. Unique Pageviews v/s Sessions in GA4. Click Archive. #2 Click on the ‘ Blank ‘ exploration report template:The process by which campaign and traffic-source data is sent to Analytics and populated in reports has the following steps: Collection – values are sent to Analytics in the campaign and traffic-source fields using the SDKs or tracking code. A/B testing total revenue from variance_square computation. E. Processing – collected values are used to populate the final report dimensions according to a. To change the default timeout of 30 minutes for web sessions: In Google Analytics, click Admin. You could create a free-form exploration called "Entrances and Exits". And with each event carrying up to 25 parameters each, you can easily hit the quota of 50 event-scoped custom. Google Analytics sorts data into dimensions and metrics. g. Google Analytics 4 Calculated Metrics with Examples. The Premium version comes with 50 calculated metrics per view. Step 3: click on “+ New Calculated Metric” button. Top Conversion Sources & Paths. Choose Free Form in the Explore Tab. You can populate values for this metric from the ‘ quantity ’ and ‘ price ’ parameters in the ‘ items. Google Analytics 4 Calculated Metrics with Examples. 4. Click “Calculated metrics,” under “View”. How to Create Custom Reports with GA4. GA4 allows for custom parameters with events, enabling you to send additional information about the state change (e. In GA4, bounce rate is typically not included in default reports. Click “Calculated metrics,” under “View”. Note: In GA4, custom metrics can have only one scope and that is event scope. Session acquisition dimensions can be found here. There are a couple of metrics that can make the report a lot more useful: Event count – when you add Event count as a metric, GA4 adds the ability to select specific. Step-3: Click on the three dots menu next to the custom dimension you want to edit: Step-4: Click on the ‘Edit’ option:Archive custom dimensions and metrics. Default channel groups can't be edited in GA4. New Metrics: A/B testing ad revenue from variance_square computation. As such, you can consider GA4 custom metrics as custom parameters. In the Settings section, click Show all to see all. Step-4: Click on the three dots menu and then click on the ‘ Duplicate ‘ option from the drop-down menu: Step-5: Click on ‘ Copy of Organic Search Traffic Analysis ‘: Step-6: Rename the report to [Email Traffic Analysis]Click the “ Resource ” navigation menu and select “ Manage added data sources ”. I recently got to know about calculated metrics in Google Analytics 4, and seeing their usefulness, I went on to set up them for my account. GA4 Calculated metrics is a feature in Google Analytics 4 that allows you to create your own metrics by combining or using mathematical operators on various. In the row for the custom dimension or metric, click > Archive. If you're migrating from Universal Analytics and want to understand how the calculation for bounce rate is different in Google Analytics 4, see [UA→GA4] Comparing metrics: Google Analytics 4 vs Universal Analytics. Session traffic source dimensions. For GA4, add the Google Channel app to your Shopify store, which is free to install. Step-2: View product – This step shows the number of users who viewed a product on your website (i. You can see this extension in Chrome’s developer console. You can then build your report and visualize the user conversion rate and session. Following is a brief description of each step shown in the funnel visualization: Step-1: Session start – This step shows the number of users who started a GA4 session on your website (i. Open Channel Groups. BAD. To override default cookie expiration and cookie update settings: In Admin, under Data collection and modification, click Data streams. Average engagement time per session is a calculated metric in GA4 with a formatting type of TIME. Some standard reports, such as the Pages and screens and Events reports, include engagement metrics by default. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. #8 GA4 Ecommerce. You can also add operators (+, -, *, /,()) to do calculations. [GA4] Calculated metrics; 5 of 20 [GA4] Collect data about your users; 6 of 20 [GA4] Predefined user dimensions; 7 of 20 [GA4] About Analytics sessions; 8 of 20. Step 2: log in to Google Analytics and navigate to the relevant view. You may need to scroll down the 'Metrics' dialog on the right to see the Add metric drop-down. GA4 Custom Dimensions and Custom Metrics for Organic Search Keywords Data. ”. Then, in the GA4 interface, go to. Key differences between custom metrics and calculated metrics. Here are five quick action steps for setting up calculated metrics in Google Analytics. In Event property, enter the name of the event parameter. Introduction to event-scoped custom metrics. This provides you with the flexibility to correct any mistakes or make necessary adjustments to ensure accurate data collection and analysis. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. Mathematical Formulas: Examples include REGEXP_MATCH (), POWER (), MIN (), MAX (), SUM () Data. This way you can also track the user journey outside your website. Sessions break when campaign parameters change. In Metric name, enter a unique name for the new metric. Under Settings, click Show all. In the Custom dimensions tab, click Create custom dimensions. Session and User metrics are calculated through an estimation.